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Lower PPTs and occlusion cuff pressures were shown in chronic WAD in comparison with healthy controls. Self-reported pain and experimental pain measurements (pressure pain thresholds, occlusion cuff pressure, temporal summation, and conditioned pain modulation) were performed in 52 individuals (26 chronic WAD patients and 26 healthy controls), before and after a submaximal cycle exercise. Besides the exercise-induced response on pain measurements between gender and age subgroups was recorded. This study investigated possible gender- and age-related differences in self-reported and experimental pain measurements in people with chronic WAD. The role of personal factors, such as gender and age, on pain processing mechanisms in chronic WAD, however, is still unclear. In these people, altered central pain processing and central sensitization are observed. Individuals with chronic whiplash associated disorders (WAD) present persistent pain in the absence of structural pathology. However, it did not show a statistically significant change in the group-time interaction.ĭespite the pain intensity and disability clinically relevant improvement for both DN and Sham-DN combined with exercise, 6 sessions of DN added to a therapeutic exercise program for older adults with KO did not seem to improve pain intensity and functionality. The WOMAC scores (ANOVA) showed statistically significant differences in the time factor for total score WOMAC questionnaire (F = 84.826 P <. However, it did not show a significant change in the group-time interaction (F = 0.082 P =. The NRS (analysis of variance, ANOVA) showed statistically significant differences in the time factor (F = 53.038 P <.
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The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS primary outcome) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index questionnaire (WOMAC) were assessed before and after the intervention.
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Twenty patients aged 65 years and older with myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in the muscles of the thigh were recruited from older-adult care centers and randomly assigned to a DN + Exercise group or a Sham-DN + Exercise group.
#Fokus test chart trial#
The study's aim was to evaluate the short-term efficacy of adding DN to a therapeutic exercise protocol in the treatment of KO in older adults.Ī double-blind, pilot clinical trial with parallel groups was carried out for 12 weeks of treatment and follow-up. Existing findings are critically reviewed, clinical implications are discussed, and recommendations are offered for future research.įew studies have investigated the dry needling (DN) approach on knee osteoarthritis (KO) patients. Perspective: This article provides a contemporary review of the acute effects of exercise on pain and pain sensitivity, including in people with chronic pain conditions. The clinical implications of impaired EIH are discussed and recommendations are made for future research, including further exploration of individual differences in EIH, the relationship between exercise dose and EIH, the efficacy of combined treatments and the use of alternative measures to quantify EIH. We discuss possible biological mechanisms of EIH and the potential influence of sex and psychosocial factors, both in pain-free adults and, where possible, in individuals with chronic pain. In this article, we provide an overview of EIH across different chronic pain conditions. To optimize the therapeutic benefits of exercise, it is important to understand how EIH works, why it may be impaired in some people with chronic pain, and how this should be addressed in clinical practice. Pain exacerbation with exercise may be a major barrier to adherence, precipitating a cycle of physical inactivity that can lead to long-term worsening of both pain and disability. In contrast, EIH is more variable in chronic pain populations and is more frequently impaired with pain and pain sensitivity decreasing, remaining unchanged or, in some cases, even increasing in response to exercise. In healthy, pain-free populations, a single bout of aerobic or resistance exercise typically leads to exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH), a generalized reduction in pain and pain sensitivity that occurs during exercise and for some time afterward. Exercise is considered an important component of effective chronic pain management and it is well-established that long-term exercise training provides pain relief.